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The Best water boiler and warmer of 2023 – Reviewed and Top Rated

After hours researching and comparing all models on the market, we find out the Best water boiler and warmer of 2023. Check our ranking below.

2,710 Reviews Scanned

Rank No. #1

CUCKOO CWP-A501TW | Hot Water Dispenser & Warmer | Auto Dispense & Boil Dry Protection | Insulated Stainless Steel | 5 Liter

LARGE CAPACITY: You'll never experience dehydration with this large capacity dispenser that holds 1L to 5L of water on hand at all times. There's no need to wait around for your drink to warm, so make life easy with this handy water dispenser
WARMING TEMPERATURE RANGE: Simply fill your dispenser to the line and set it to your preferred temperature for the perfect hot water. A range of 104°-185° means you won't ever wait for your drink to cool down because you're in control of the heat
CHILD-SAFETY LOCK: An automatic lock device function means the safest experience for your home. The water supply function will lock when there is no water supply. Also, water flows at a delayed start when pressing the dispense button
CHLORINE EVAPORATION: Tap water contains tons of hard minerals that cause build-up in a machine. Eliminate any calcification with a cholorine evaporation function that separates the chlorous substances from pure water
STAINLESS STEEL: Premium stainless steel with insulating technology ensures your water is kept at the perfect temperature with effortless precision

SaleRank No. #2

Zojirushi Micom Water Boiler & Warmer, 135 oz. / 4.0 Liters, Silver

135 oz. / 4.0 liters
Cafe drip dispensing mode for slower dispensing
Safety auto shut-off
BPA-free (all surfaces that come into contact with food or Beverage)
DE chlorinate and descaling mode

Rank No. #3

Zojirushi 586361-CV-DCC40XT America Corporation Ve Hybrid Water Boiler And Warmer, 4-Liter, Stainless Dark Brown

Hybrid water boiler and warmer. Electrical Rating : 120 Volts and 840 Watts
4 keep warm temperature settings (160 Degree F, 175 Degree F, 195 Degree F, 208 Degree F) and vacuum insulated non-electric keep warm
Quick temp mode brings water to desired temperature without boiling, Micro computerized temperature control system
Easy-To-Clean nonstick interior and clear-coated stainless steel body
Interchangeable melody or beep signal may also be turned off

SaleRank No. #4

NutriChef Hot Water Urn Pot - Insulated Stainless Steel, Manual & Auto Dispense, Safety Lock Shutoff 3.38 QT /3.2L - Auto Shut Off

KEEP WATER HOT PERCOLATOR: The cordless electric kettle boils water and keeps liquids hot in a hot pot kettle for quick warming and a vacuum insulation keeps water warm, longer.Power: 120V
SIMPLE PLUG-IN OPERATION: The kettle electric features a convenient power cord, as well as an auto power off function, LED illuminated power indicator and a child safety lock-on lid
COMPACT TABLETOP DESIGN: The electric water kettle is safe for placement on any kitchen table or countertop, making it suitable for anytime use. Entertain your guests or pour yourself a coffee or tea with ease & style
GOOD FOR ENTERTAINING: The electrical water boiler features a multi-dispense ability with three modes including auto, button & pump. The button-activated water dispense function makes entertaining and catering to your guest's needs easier than ever
LARGE WATER CAPACITY: The hot water kettle electric features a large water capacity of 3.38 quarts, which means fewer refills and more time spent with your guests. Note : Refer to the PDF attached below in Technical Specification for User Manual

SaleRank No. #5

Panasonic RA41660 Electric Thermo Pot Water Boiler Dispenser NC-EG3000, Slow-Drip Mode for Coffee, Ideal for Tea, Hot Cocoa, Soups and Baby Food, Four TEM, 3.2 quarts, White

Versatile, medium-capacity hot water dispenser: Panasonic thermal pot prepares 3. 2 quarts (3L) of heated water for tea, instant Coffee, hot cocoa, instant soup, noodles, baby food and more, making it ideal for family events, entertaining and other needs
Slow-drip Coffee feature: slow-drip mode for fresh Drip-Brewed Coffee with the push of a button; place cup beneath hot water dispenser, put filtration in place, Add ground Coffee and Touch slow-drip mode
Four automatic temperature settings: four precise settings (208, 190, 180 and 160°f) automatically heat and keep water hot for hours, making it ideal for different types and blends of tea
Bincho-tan charcoal coating: The surface of the stainless-steel inner pot is precision Coated with bincho-tan charcoal to purify and alkalize the pH level of hot water and naturally extract more flavorful elements in tea
Additional features: LCD screen, easy-to-read water gauge, 6-hour Energy savings timer, detachable power cord and 360º rotating base for easy access, and dispenser safety lock

SaleRank No. #6

Zojirushi CD-LFC40 Panorama Window Micom Water Boiler and Warmer, 135 oz/4.0 L, White

Micom Water Boiler and Warmer
4 keep warm temperature settings (160 DegreeF, 175 DegreeF, 195 DegreeF, 208 DegreeF)
Optional Quick Temp mode reaches 160 DegreeF, 175 DegreeF, or 195 DegreeF keep warm directly without reaching a boil without reaching a boil
One-touch electric dispensing system
Easy-to-read Panorama Window water level gauge.Electrical Rating:120 volts / 800 watts

SaleRank No. #7

Tiger PDU-A30U-K Electric Water Boiler and Warmer, Stainless Black, 3.0-Liter

Easy to clean non-stick inner container
Removable upper lid for easy cleaning
Safety auto shut-off system
Detachable power cord for safety and convenience
Dechlorinate mode for reducing chlorine and musty odors

Rank No. #8

NutriChef Digital Water Boiler and Warmer - 3L/3.17 Qt Stainless Electric Hot Water Dispenser w/ LCD Display, Rotating Base, Keep Warm, Auto Shut Off, Safety Lock, Instant Heating for Coffee & Tea

3L CAPACITY: The Hot Water Dispenser features a large capacity of 3L boiling water to 212°F in minutes. Features 3 dispensing methods - automatic, manual dispense & cup switch which works by holding cup up to touch the switch behind the spout
360° ROTATING BASE: Features a 360° rotating platform at the bottom making it easy to access hot water from any angle & to make dispensing easier when the tank is full (heavy). This water boiler is safe for placement on any table or countertop
BUILT-IN LED LIGHT: Equipped w/ built-in LED light that illuminates when dispensing. Thanks to the visible water w/ clear level mark, it’s convenient to control water capacity & add water in time. Used for drinks including instant coffee, tea & soups
AUTO SHUT-OFF: The 750W insulated pot keeps water warm throughout the day, makes hot water readily available anytime. For added safety, it shuts itself off once the pot is empty, as well as a dispense button safety lock to prevent accidental pouring
ADJUSTABLE TEMPERATURE: Allows you to heat the water directly to the selected Keep Warm temperature (149°F, 185°F & 208°F only) without reaching a boil. The water will reach the selected Keep Warm temperature quicker than regular mode

Rank No. #9

Zojirushi CV-JAC50XB, VE Hybrid Water Boiler & Warmer, 5.0 Liter, Stainless Black, Made in Japan

Super VE: Vacuum-electric (VE) hybrid system
4 Keep warm temperature settings (160°F, 175°F, 195°F and 208°F) + Vacuum insulated non-electric keep warm
Optional Quick Temp mode quickly reaches 160°F, 175°F, 195°F keep warm without reaching a boil
NEW* 930-Watt high powered heating element & Energy-saving timer function (6-16 hours)
Easy-to-clean nonstick coated stainless steel interior & Easy-to-clean clear coated stainless steel body

Rank No. #10

Rosewill Electric Hot Water Boiler and Warmer Dispensers (5.0 Liter Blacklight)

Large Capacity: Boils water quickly and keep warm up to 5.28 Quarts (5 Liters) of water for serving up to 20 cups of hot drinks at home or in office.
3 Water Dispensing Modes: Press the Unlock button to release the desired amount of water, available via Button Dispense, Manual Pump and Cup Touch dispenser options.
5 Temperature Settings: The electric thermo pot is capable of keeping water warm at 5 temperature levels with the computerized temperature control system. Check temperature and timer status to re-boil via the digital LCD display and get your cup of water at the perfect temperature while saving energy.
Easy-View Water Level: Features an easy-to-view gauge with serene backlight, convenient for making baby milk at night after the low-noise quiet boiling. Refill water when the water runs low with boil dry mechanism for safety.
Compact and Safe: With a slender design and a food-grade 304 stainless steel inner pot, the appliance ensures safe and odorless water for your tasting.

Rank No. #11

CUCKOO Electric Hot Water Urn Pot Dispenser 3.3L (111 Oz), Safety Lock, Rotating Base, Instant Auto Boiler and Warmer, for Tea & Coffee

【Efficient Heating】 Boil water quickly and efficiently with this product's heating system that heats the entire volume of water using only 750W of power. After boiling, it uses only 100W to maintain the temperature.
【Chlorine Removal Mode】 Simply press the Chlorine Removal button to boil the water at 100℃ for an additional 2-3 minutes, effectively removing harmful chlorine and other impurities while sterilizing the water. Enjoy clean and fresh-tasting water with ease!
【3-Layer Insulation System】 3-layer insulation system prevents the surface from getting hot even after heating, while providing excellent heat retention
【Safety System】 Child locks on the lid and dispenser buttons to prevent accidental spills and ensure safety around young children.
【360-Degree Rotation】Designed with a 360-degree rotation, allowing for convenient use in any direction or angle. Enjoy the flexibility and ease of use no matter where you are!

SaleRank No. #12

OVENTE Glass Electric Kettle Hot Water Boiler 1.5 Liter Borosilicate Glass Fast Boiling Countertop Heater - BPA Free Auto Shut Off Instant Water Heater Kettle for Coffee & Tea Maker - Black KG83B

Combining Style & Durability – Taking the #1 spot from our best-selling products, the Ovente KG83 Kettle Series is loved by our customers across the USA for its aesthetics, durability, and functionality. It has a halo of blue LED lights that illuminate the kettle when it’s in use, and it’s made with heat-tempered, stain-resistant borosilicate glass and stainless steel to last long!
For Those who Need it Fast– Need a quick sip of coffee before you head to work? This electric kettle operates on 1100W (120V) and boils a full 1.5L pot of water within 7 minutes or less! It is 50% more efficient than traditional stovetop kettles in reducing your daily electricity use.
Eco-Friendly – This fast-heating boiler is BPA-free, and its heating element is stainless steel and concealed. You’ll be sure that what you’ll get is a clean drinking water that’s safe for you and your kids.
Auto Shut Off – This one is equipped with auto shut-off feature and boil-dry protection technology: It shuts off on its own when the kettle has reached its boiling temperature and switches off the stainless steel concealed heating element when there is no water in the kettle.
360° Rotary Base with built-in cord storage.

Rank No. #13

Zojirushi CW-PZC22FC Micom Super Boiler 2.2L, Floral, 2.2 L

Micro computerized temperature control system, dechlorinate mode reduces chlorine and musty odors from tap water
Convenient re-boil mode and easy to clean nonstick interior
High temperature keep warm system. Electrical Rating- 120 volts / 840 watts
Descaling mode keeps pot sparkling clean
The item dimensions are 8.5 x 10.25 x 12.5 inches

SaleRank No. #14

Chefman Electric Hot Water Pot Urn w/Auto & Manual Dispense Buttons, Safety Lock, Instant Heating for Coffee & Tea, Auto-Shutoff & Boil Dry Protection, Insulated Stainless Steel, 3.6L/3.8 Qt/20+ Cups

EASY TO DISPENSE The Chefman Hot Water Pot has 3 dispense buttons for easy instant hot water Use the one-handed dispense button under the spout for filling cups or bottles the manual push pump or auto dispense on the control panel for quick dispensing.Product Care Instructions : Hand Wash
STAYS HOT FOR HOURS The 700-watt insulated pot keeps water warm throughout the day so you never have to wait for the kettle to boil while stainless steel exterior and interior ensure long-lasting performance With 3 6-liter and 20 plus 5 7 oz cup capacity this hot water urn is perfect for parties and entertaining
EASY VIEW WATER LEVEL With the water level gauge you can easily see how much water you are filling the pot with as well as when it gets below the minimum line Convenient carry handle lets you bring this water dispenser with you easily from the sink to the buffet table
SAFETY FEATURES For added safety the water urn shuts itself off once the pot is empty or the water has dried out Designed with a locking lid to prevent spills if it tips over as well as a child safety lock for dispense and reboil buttons to prevents spilling and accidental pouring
RESOURCES cETL approved with advanced safety technology for long lasting durability and 1-year assurance provided by Chefman For information on how to use your product scroll down for a PDF User Guide Power Source 120 Volts

SaleRank No. #15

Zojirushi CD-WHC40XH Micom Water Boiler and Warmer, 135 oz, Stainless Gray

CONTROLS: Micro computerized temperature control system
KEEP WARM SETTING: Four keep warm temperature settings (160-degree, 175-degree, 195-degree and 208-degree)
WARM WITHOUT BOIL: Optional Quick Temp Mode keeps water warm directly without reaching a boil
BODY: Easy-to-clean, clear coated stainless steel body with rust resistant stainless steel interior
ALERT SOUNDS: Easy-to-hear sound indicator to alert completion of boiling process or low water level

Rank No. #16

Zojirushi CD-LTC50-BA Commercial Water Boiler And Warmer, Black

Commercial countertop water boiler/warmer; no plumbing required
Generous 169 oz. (5-liter) capacity - serves up to 21 - 8oz. Cups
Keeps warm ar 208 degrees F (98C), 195 degrees F (90C), or 175 degrees F (80C) with convenient REBOIL feature
QUICK TEMP mode reaches 195 degrees F or 175 degrees F, keep warm directly without reaching a boil
Convenient 7-hour delay timer can be set up the previous night, for hot water ready the next morning

Rank No. #17

COOKTRON 1.7L Electric Kettle Quiet, Double Wall Hot Water Boiler BPA-Free, Quiet Boil and Cool Touch Tea Kettle, Cordless with Auto Shut-Off & Boil Dry Protection, 1500W Fast Boiling, Green

𝙎𝙩𝙖𝙞𝙣𝙡𝙚𝙨𝙨 𝙎𝙩𝙚𝙚𝙡 𝙄𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙤𝙧, 𝙉𝙤 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘: The inside inner pot, inner lid, rim & spout of the tea kettle are all made of 100% food-grade 304 stainless steel, which is BPA-free and ensures that no rust, no plastic odor, no any plastic touches the hot water, guarantee safe drinking water for your family.
𝟭𝟱𝟬𝟬𝙒 𝙁𝙖𝙨𝙩 & 𝙌𝙪𝙞𝙚𝙩 𝙃𝙚𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜: COOKTRON electric kettle equips 1500 watts of power that heats the water quickly and quietly(Less than 30 db), balanced heating, not easy to scale, the maximum water filling capacity of the stainless steel kettle is 1.7L (8 cups), and it is able to boil the water within 3 to 7 minutes.
𝗗𝗼𝘂𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗪𝗮𝗹𝗹 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝘂𝗰𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲: The electric kettle covered by a BPA-free plastic exterior, the cool-touch exterior and the handle make the kettle safe to touch even when boiling, meanwhile, the double-wall design keeps your drink warm, and the wide top opening for easy filling and easy cleaning.
𝙎𝙖𝙛𝙚 𝙏𝙚𝙘𝙝 & 𝘼𝙪𝙩𝙤 𝙎𝙝𝙪𝙩-𝙊𝙛𝙛: The double wall electric kettle features British Strix thermostat technology, provides you with more durable, stable, and safer using experience, advanced auto shut off and boil dry protection function ensure 100% electrical safety.
𝙐𝙨𝙚𝙧-𝙛𝙧𝙞𝙚𝙣𝙙𝙡𝙮 𝘿𝙚𝙨𝙞𝙜𝙣: 100% stainless steel interior, SUPER QUIET OPERATION, BPA-free, 360° rotatable power base design, smudge and fingerprint resistant cool-touch exterior, all these features make COOKTRON hot water kettle a wonderful choice for your home.

SaleRank No. #18

COSTWAY Instant Electric Hot Water Boiler and Warmer, 5-Liter LCD Water Pot with 5 Stage Temperature Settings, Safety Lock to Prevent Spillage, Stainless Steel Hot Water Dispenser

【3 Different Water Dispensing Methods】This hot water dispenser offers three different water dispensing methods - the Air Pump Water Outlet, the Dispense Water Outlet, and the Cup Water Outlet. The first method can be operated without power, providing a versatile and reliable option.
【5 Adjustable Temperature & Night Light】Equipped with an LCD display, this water boiler can show the current water temperature as well as 5 different temperature stages, including 40℃, 50℃, 60℃, 85℃, and 98℃. Furthermore, the inclusion of a night light function allows for convenient water retrieval during nighttime hours.
【Re-boil & Timer Function】By simply touching the re-boil button, the water in this product will be quickly reheated to a boiling temperature of 212℉/ 100℃ within minutes. Once the heating process is complete, the electric thermo pot will automatically switch to a heat preservation state, ensuring that your water remains hot. In addition, the electric thermo pot is equipped with a timer function, allowing users to set a specific time to boil water by pressing the timer button.
【Large Water Capacity & 360°Rotating Base】The hot water kettle electric features a large water capacity of 5 L. Moreover, our hot water dispenser is designed with a convenient 360° rotating platform at the bottom. This allows you to easily access hot water from any angle without any difficulty.
【Food Grade Stainless Steel & Product Information】The inner container of this hot water pot is made of food-grade 18/8 stainless steel, ensuring that it is safe for human consumption. Additionally, it possesses excellent heat resistance and heat preservation properties. The size of hot water dispenser is 9"x 12" x 16" (L x W x H).

Rank No. #19

Elite Gourmet EKT1001 Electric 1.0L BPA-Free 1100W Glass Kettle Cordless 360° Base, Stylish Blue LED Interior, Handy Auto Shut-Off Function – Quickly Boil Water For Tea & More, Black

HERE’S THE QUICKEST WAY TO ENJOY YOUR DELICIOUS HOT TEA EVERY SINGLE DAY! Now you don’t have to wait for ages just to have a cup of tea! The Elite Gourmet cordless electric water kettle is here to help you enjoy your sizzling hot cup of tea quickly and easily! Just pour some water in the 1-liter tank and select the temperature! It’s that simple!
100% BPA-FREE PREMIUM DESIGN MEETS EXCELLENT CRAFTSMANSHIP, the results will exceed even your highest expectations. Our sturdy electric kettle with an elegant blue LED illuminated interior is here to make your life easier and add a touch of modern luxury to your countertop.
CORDLESS & PORTABLE: The glass kettle lifts on and off the 360º swivel base comfortably without burdensome cords. This easily makes the water kettle portable to pour and serve away from the kitchen wherever hot water is needed.
NO MORE MESSY ACCIDENTS OR SPILLS thanks to the large pouring spout that features a mesh filter for perfect, spill-proof pours! Plus, you can finally enjoy your aromatic tea, refreshing coffee or delicious hot cocoa anytime you want! With a capacity of 1-liters (or 4.2 cups) you’ll always have enough hot water for your tea, instant noodles, soups or other recipes!
SO EASY & CONVENIENT THAT EVERYONE CAN USE IT without any hassle! The auto shut-off function will make sure that the kettle is turned off when the water starts boiling, so you don’t have to worry about it! Just set it and forget it!

Rank No. #20

TOPWIT Electric Kettle Glass Hot Water Kettle, 2.0L Water Warmer, BPA-Free Stainless Steel Lid & Bottom, Tea Kettle with Fast Heating, Auto Shut-Off & Boil Dry Protection

[Elegant Looking & Stylish Design] - Topwit electric glass kettle has a stunning look and the transparent design, make it even more attractive. The indicator technology which indicates heating will automatically to light up as the heating starts and auto shut off after boiled. The delicate yet classy looking glass kettle works like a charm and adds beauty to your kitchen.
[High quality & Healthier] - The electric kettle is combined of food-grade borosilicate glass and 304 stainless steel makes it looks fascinating and healthier. The borosilicate glass has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, making it resistant to thermal shock. BPA-Free, 100% stainless steel inner lid and bottom, take care of your safety and health.
[Large Capacity & Convenient] - A total capacity of 2 liters with 1000 watts power for fast boiling water. You can easily and quickly use it to prepare coffee, tea or any other hot drinks for your family or friends and it is also a dorm room essential. With the large opening design, it allows you to clean the kettle inside easily.
[Higher Safety] – With the advance temperature controller, the kettle has auto shut off & boil dry protection technology, ensuring the water is fully boiled and shut off when water is boiled or no water inside. The stay-cool handle will ensure that handling of the tea kettle is easy and safe, helps to prevent burns.
[Sincerely Customer Service] - We sincerely provide with genuine customer service. If you have any needs or questions, Topwit service team will be more than happy to assist you!

Last update on 2023-08-01 / Affiliate links / Product Titles, Images, Descriptions from Amazon Product Advertising API

How Do You Buy The Best water boiler and warmer?

Do you get stressed out thinking about shopping for a great water boiler and warmer? Do doubts keep creeping into your mind? We understand, because we’ve already gone through the whole process of researching water boiler and warmer, which is why we have assembled a comprehensive list of the greatest water boiler and warmer available in the current market. We’ve also come up with a list of questions that you probably have yourself.

We’ve done the best we can with our thoughts and recommendations, but it’s still crucial that you do thorough research on your own for water boiler and warmer that you consider buying. Your questions might include the following:

Is it worth buying an water boiler and warmer?
What benefits are there with buying an water boiler and warmer?
What factors deserve consideration when shopping for an effective water boiler and warmer?
Why is it crucial to invest in any water boiler and warmer, much less the best one?
Which water boiler and warmer are good in the current market?
Where can you find information like this about water boiler and warmer?

We’re convinced that you likely have far more questions than just these regarding water boiler and warmer, and the only real way to satisfy your need for knowledge is to get information from as many reputable online sources as you possibly can.

Potential sources can include buying guides for water boiler and warmer, rating websites, word-of-mouth testimonials, online forums, and product reviews. Thorough and mindful research is crucial to making sure you get your hands on the best-possible water boiler and warmer. Make sure that you are only using trustworthy and credible websites and sources.

We provide an water boiler and warmer buying guide, and the information is totally objective and authentic. We employ both AI and big data in proofreading the collected information. How did we create this buying guide? We did it using a custom-created selection of algorithms that lets us manifest a top-10 list of the best available water boiler and warmer currently available on the market.

This technology we use to assemble our list depends on a variety of factors, including but not limited to the following:

Brand Value: Every brand of water boiler and warmer has a value all its own. Most brands offer some sort of unique selling proposition that’s supposed to bring something different to the table than their competitors.
Features: What bells and whistles matter for an water boiler and warmer?
Specifications: How powerful they are can be measured.
Product Value: This simply is how much bang for the buck you get from your water boiler and warmer.
Customer Ratings: Number ratings grade water boiler and warmer objectively.
Customer Reviews: Closely related to ratings, these paragraphs give you first-hand and detailed information from real-world users about their water boiler and warmer.
Product Quality: You don’t always get what you pay for with an water boiler and warmer, sometimes less, and sometimes more.
Product Reliability: How sturdy and durable an water boiler and warmer is should be an indication of how long it will work out for you.

We always remember that maintaining water boiler and warmer information to stay current is a top priority, which is why we are constantly updating our websites. Learn more about us using online sources.

If you think that anything we present here regarding water boiler and warmer is irrelevant, incorrect, misleading, or erroneous, then please let us know promptly! We’re here for you all the time. Contact us here. Or You can read more about us to see our vision.

FAQ:

Q: How does a water boiler heater work?

A: The boilers work through heating the water. They can produce steam as well, which can help to heat the house. You may use the boiler when there is a change in the home’s temperature. The thermostat present at your house can easily sense a difference in the temperature so you can use the boiler in that case.

Q: What is the best hot water boiler?

A: TOP PICK: Rheem Performance Platinum Gas Water Heater. This Rheem Performance Platinum may possibly be the best 50-gallon gas water heater for medium-sized households. Beginning with a 40,000 BTU /hour, low NOx burner, this heater provides ample water at a lower cost than older models.

Q: Is a boiler a water heater?

A: In other words, they’re both boiler and water heater, all wrapped into one unit. That means that some people will have boilers that heat their water. They might, quite rightly, call their water heater a boiler. In other words, water heaters aren’t boilers, but some boilers are water heaters.

Q: What is hot water heating boiler?

A: A “heating boiler” is a steel, copper, or cast iron “box” of hot water, connected to a loop of pipe (and radiators or baseboards) which runs around through the living area. The same physical water stays in the boiler and is circulated by a pump so that heat is delivered to the living area.